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Saint Ignatius of Loyola ((バスク語:Ignazio Loiolakoa), (スペイン語:Ignacio de Loyola)) ( – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight from a local Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and, on 19 April 1541, became its first Superior General. Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation. Loyola's devotion to the Catholic Church was characterized by absolute obedience to the Pope.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=2013-03-09 )〕 After being seriously wounded in the Battle of Pamplona in 1521, he underwent a spiritual conversion while in recovery. ''De Vita Christi'' by Ludolph of Saxony purportedly inspired Loyola to abandon his previous military life and devote himself to labour for God, following the example of spiritual leaders such as Francis of Assisi. After experiencing a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus at the shrine of Our Lady of Montserrat in March 1522, he went to Manresa, where he began praying for seven hours a day, often in a nearby cave, and formulating the fundamentals of the ''Spiritual Exercises''. In September 1523, Loyola reached the Holy Land to settle there, but was sent back to Europe by the Franciscans. Between 1524 and 1537, Ignatius studied theology and Latin in the University of Alcalá and then in Paris. In 1534, he arrived in the latter city during a period of anti-Protestant turmoil which forced John Calvin to flee France. Ignatius and a few followers bound themselves by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. In 1539, they formed the Society of Jesus, approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III, as well as his ''Spiritual Exercises'' approved in 1548. Loyola also composed the ''Constitutions'' of the Society. He died in July 1556, was beatified by Pope Paul V in 1609, canonized by Pope Gregory XV in 1622, and declared patron of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922. Ignatius' feast day is celebrated on July 31. Ignatius is a foremost patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, and the provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=2008-07-24 )〕 ==Early life== Íñigo López de Loyola (sometimes erroneously called Íñigo López de Recalde) was born in the municipality of Azpeitia at the castle of Loyola in today's Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain. He was baptized Íñigo, after St. Enecus (Innicus) ((バスク語:Eneko); (スペイン語:Íñigo)) Abbot of Oña,〔 a medieval Basque name arguably meaning "My little one".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Nombres: Eneko ) Article in Spanish〕 It is unclear when he started using Ignatius instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo". Ignatius did not intend to change his name but rather adopted for France and Italy a name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, and which was more acceptable among foreigners. The youngest of thirteen children, Íñigo López was brought up by María de Garín, the local blacksmith's wife, after his own mother died soon after his birth.〔Page 9, Ignatius of Loyola, the Psychology of a Saint; W.W Meissner SJ MD, Yale University Press, 1992〕 Íñigo adopted the last name "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born. He later became a page in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (''contador mayor'') of the kingdom of Castile. As a young aristocrat Ignatius had a "love of martial exercises and a vainglorious desire for fame".〔 At this period he framed his life around the stories of the adventures of El Cid, the knights of Camelot, and ''The Song of Roland'' (the tale has Roland slain by Muslims, when historically his death was at the hands of Basques like Ignatius).〔 Joining the army at seventeen, he strutted about "with his cape slinging open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots; a sword and dagger at his waist".〔 Upon encountering a Moor who denied the divinity of Jesus, he challenged him to a duel to the death and ran him through.〔 He dueled others until the events of 1521. In 1509, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, Duke of Nájera and Viceroy of Navarre. According to Thomas Rochford, S.J., his diplomacy and leadership qualities made him a "Gentilhombre" (Spanish for "Gentleman", but should be understood as "servant of the court". By contrast, the English term ''Gentleman'' denotes a man of good family. In that sense, the word equates with the French "Gentilhomme", meaning "nobleman", which in Great Britain was long confined to the peerage.) This made him very useful to the Duke. Under the Duke's leadership, he participated in many battles without injury. But when a French-Navarrese army supporting the Navarrese monarchy, expelled in 1512, stormed Pamplona's fortress on May 20, 1521, a cannonball wounded one of his legs and broke the other.〔 Heavily injured, Íñigo was returned to the castle. He was very concerned about the injuries and had several surgical operations, which must have been very painful in the days before anaesthetics. During this time he read the ''De Vita Christi'', by Ludolph of Saxony, in a Catalan edition. This work influenced his whole life. ''De Vita Christi'' is the result of forty years of work by Ludolph. It is a commentary on the life of Jesus Christ, a commentary on the Gospels, borrowing extracts from the works of over sixty of the Fathers of the Church and particularly quoting St Gregory the Great, St Basil, St Augustine and the Venerable Bede. Ludolph proposes to the reader that he place himself at the scene of the Gospel story; that he visualise the crib at the Nativity, etc. A type of prayer known as Simple Contemplation, it is the basis of the method that St. Ignatius sets out in his Spiritual Exercises.〔Sr Mary Immaculate Bodenstedt, "The Vita Christi of Ludolphus the Carthusian", a Dissertation, Washington: Catholic University of America Press 1944 British Library Catalogue No. Ac2692.y/29.(16).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ignatius of Loyola」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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